Astorga

Founded as a Roman military camp for the Legio X Gemina in the late 1st century BC, it soon transitioned into a civilian settlement known as Asturica Augusta and became the capital of the Conventus Asturum. It developed as a key communication hub in northwestern Iberia and enjoyed prosperity during the first two centuries of the Common Era due to gold mining, earning the description vrbs magnifica from Pliny the Elder. By the mid-3rd century, it likely became an episcopal see, with Basílides as its first bishop. Following the barbarian invasions, it was part of the Kingdom of the Suebi and was captured by Muslim forces under Tariq in 714, though it was reconquered by the Asturian monarchy later that century. In the late 10th century, it faced repeated Muslim assaults led by Almanzor.

From the 11th century, bolstered by the Way of St. James, the city experienced gradual development, with the Church playing a prominent role. In 1465, Henry IV of Castile granted Álvaro Pérez Osorio, Count of Trastámara, Lord of Villalobos, and Castroverde, the title of Marquis of Astorga, transitioning the city from a free status to a feudal condition.